The End Of The Diem Regime Essay free essay sample

, Research Paper The Kennedy disposal was responsible for the overthrow of the Diem government and Diem? s assasination.The U.S. did non hold a job with Diem, the existent job was with Diem? s brother Nhu.Nhu was responsible for many protests by Bhuddist monastics where Mrs. Nhu would name the monastics who set themselves on fire in protest? barbecues. ? The Kennedy disposal had a batch to make with the overthrow of the government although they did non hold much to make with Diem? s assasination. The Kennedy disposal was the chief influence in subverting the Diem regime.The State Department wanted to give Diem a opportunity to free himself of Nhu and replace him with the best military and political personalities available. Ambassador Lodge said that the possibility of Diem meeting are demands are virtually nil. The lone manner to acquire rid of Nhu is to acquire rid of the full Diem government. In a overseas telegram from Ambassador Lodge to Secretary Rusk, Lodge said ; ? We are launched on a class from which there is no turning back: the overthrow of the Diem government. ? Lodge besides stated that there is no turning back because the U.S. is saloon licly committed to the terminal of the Diem government. In a overseas telegram transmitted from President Kennedy to Ambassador Lodge, Kennedy said that the U.S. should non actively assist the putsch, but be ready to do good dealingss with the group that overthrows the Diem government. In a ulterior overseas telegram from the whitehouse they said that the U.S. does non want to go forth an feeling that they are opposed to a new government. When the U.S. says this they are fundamentally stating the putsch that they are endorsing them. Because of the Kennedy disposals duty in the overthrow of the Diem government it besides leads to the eventual assasination of Diem.The U.S. was non as involved with his assasination as they were with the overthrow of Diem? s government. Diem was told by Ambassador Lodge that if he resigned, him and his brother would be allowed to go forth the state safely. Diem, nevertheless, was non told by the U.S. that they sided with the putsch. Diem believed he was making the right thing and the U.S. was non opposed to him. If he had known that the U.S was against him he would hold likely resigned, but he was denied that information from embassador Lodge.

Aviation Essay Example

Aviation Essay Example Aviation Essay Aviation Essay Chapter 2 Signals, Signs and Pavement Markings PA Driverâ„ ¢s Manual CHAPTER 2: SIGNALS, SIGNS AND PAVEMENT MARKINGS This chapter provides the information you need to know about Pennsylvania roadways. It covers: Signals Signs Pavement Markings SIGNALS Traffic signals are installed at intersections to control the movement of vehicles and pedestrians. Traffic signals are arranged in either vertical lines or horizontal lines. When they are arranged vertically, red is always on top and green on the bottom. When they are arranged horizontally, red is always on the left and green on the right. RED, YELLOW AND GREEN TRAFFIC LIGHTS AND ARROWS When there is a STEADY RED LIGHT, you must stop before crossing the marked stop line or crosswalk. If you do not see any lines, stop before entering the intersection. Wait for a green light before you start. You may turn right while the light is red, unless a NO TURN ON RED sign is posted at the intersection. You must first stop, check for and yield to pedestrians and other traffic. You may also turn left after you stop at a red light, if you are in the left lane and are turning left from a one-way street onto another one-way street, unless a sign tells you not to turn. You must first stop and yield to pedestrians and other traffic. A STEADY YELLOW LIGHT tells you a steady red light will soon appear. If you are driving toward an intersection and a yellow light appears, slow down and prepare to stop. If you are within the intersection or cannot stop safely before entering the intersection, continue through carefully. A STEADY GREEN LIGHT means you may drive through the intersection, if the road is clear. You may also turn right or left unless a sign tells you not to; however, when turning, you must yield to other vehicles and pedestrians within the intersection. ?   A GREEN ARROW means you may turn the way the arrow points. When you turn during the green arrow phase, your turn is protected because oncoming traffic is stopped by a red light. If the green arrow turns into a green light, you may still turn in that direction, but first yield to pedestrians and oncoming traffic. ?   A YELLOW ARROW means the movement permitted by the green arrow is about to end. You should slow down and prepare to stop completely before entering the intersection. If you are within the intersection or cannot stop safely before entering the intersection, carefully turn in the direction the arrow is pointing. ?   Although not common in Pennsylvania, a RED ARROW is used in other states. It means you may not turn in the direction the arrow points. -7- Chapter 2 Signals, Signs and Pavement Markings PA Driverâ„ ¢s Manual FLASHING SIGNALS A flashing yellow light means CAUTION. Slow down, look and proceed with care. A flashing red light has the same meaning as a STOP sign. You must come to a complete stop. Then, look both ways, and proceed only after the intersection is clear. NON-FUNCTIONING TRAFFIC LIGHTS A non-functioning traffic signal should be treated as though it were a four-way STOP sign. RAMP-METERING SIGNALS Some highway entrance ramps have traffic signals at the end of the ramp that alternate between steady green and steady red. Ramp metering signals are used to control the flow of traffic onto very congested highways and usually operate during peak rush hours. You must wait for the green signal before you enter the highway. On single-lane ramps, only one (1) car may enter the highway each time the light turns green. For multi-lane on ramps, there will be a ramp meter for each lane. The green light does not protect your entrance onto the highway † you must still look for a safe gap in traffic to enter the highway. LANE USE CONTROL SIGNALS ?   Special signals may also be placed directly over lanes to control traffic. These are commonly used at toll booths, on bridges, tunnels and on multi-lane roads in cities where the direction of travel for a particular lane changes to ease the flow of traffic into or out of the city during peak rush hour. The following signals show how specific lanes of a street or highway should be used: X X A steady downward green arrow over a traffic lane means you may use the lane. A steady yellow X over a traffic lane means you must change lanes because the direction of travel for that lane is about to be reversed. Get ready to leave the lane safely. A steady red X over a lane means you are not allowed to use the traffic lane. A white, steady, one-way left-turn arrow over a lane means you may only turn left, if you are in that lane. A white, steady, two-way left-turn arrow over a lane means you may only turn left, if you are in that lane, but the lane is shared by left-turning drivers approaching from the opposite direction. -8- Chapter 2 Signals, Signs and Pavement Markings PA Driverâ„ ¢s Manual PEDESTRIAN SIGNALS Pedestrians must obey traffic and pedestrian signals. The pedestrian signals you must obey are the WALK and DONâ„ ¢T WALK lights or the lighted picture of a walking person (meaning walk) and an upraised hand (meaning donâ„ ¢t walk). If there are no pedestrian signals at the intersection, pedestrians must obey the red, yellow and green traffic lights. Sometimes pedestrians are not aware of their responsibilities at traffic and pedestrian signals. Be alert for pedestrians, who may not obey the signal. Always yield to pedestrians. When a steady WALK or walking person comes on, start crossing, but be alert for turning vehicles that may not lawfully yield the right of way. When the flashing DONâ„ ¢T WALK or flashing upraised hand begins: a. Finish crossing, if you are in the street. When the steady DONâ„ ¢T WALK message or steady upraised hand is displayed, do not cross. b. Do not start to cross, if you have not left the curb. Blind Pedestrians When driving near a blind pedestrian who is carrying a white cane or walking with a guide dog, you must slow down, always yield the right-of-way and then proceed with caution. Be prepared to stop your vehicle in order to prevent injury or danger to the pedestrian. SCHOOL ZONE SIGNALS School zone signals are flashing yellow signals placed on the school zone speed limit signs. You must travel no faster than 15 mph when the yellow signals are flashing or during the time periods indicated on the sign. Exceeding the speed limit in a school zone will result in three (3) points on your driving record, and you will also be fined. RAILROAD CROSSING SIGNALS Drivers are alerted when approaching a railroad crossing by the railroad crossing sign. Railroad crossings should be approached with caution at all times. You should always look both ways and listen for any approaching trains or signals before proceeding across the railroad tracks. You are required to stop at all railroad crossings when there is a signal of an approaching train. These signals include flashing red lights, a lowered crossing gate, a flagger signaling or a trainâ„ ¢s audible signal of warning. Do not move forward or attempt to go around any gate or ignore any signal of an approaching train. If there are no signals at the railroad crossing, you should slow down and prepare to stop, if you see or hear a train approaching. Proceed with caution only after all signals are completed and then only when there is evidence no trains are approaching the crossing. You should stop if a train is approaching and has sounded its audible signal or is plainly visible and in hazardous proximity to the crossing. Do not stop your vehicle on a railroad track, regardless of whether a train appears to be coming. If traffic is backed up because of a traffic signal, stop sign or for any other reason, make sure you stop your vehicle in a location where it will be entirely clear of any railroad tracks. Refer to Chapter 3 for more information about how to safely cross a highway-railroad intersection. -9- OBEY RAILROAD CROSSING SIGNS AND SIGNALS Chapter 2 Signals, Signs and Pavement Markings PA Driverâ„ ¢s Manual SIGNS Signs are divided into three (3) basic categories: Regulatory, Warning and Guide signs. Most signs within each category have a special shape and color. REGULATORY SIGNS Regulatory signs tell you what you must do, or must not do, according to the law. The regulations posted on these signs advise you about speed limits, the direction of traffic, turning restrictions, parking restrictions, etc. If you do not obey the messages on regulatory signs, you could be fined and receive points on your driving record because you are breaking the law. You also risk your safety and the safety of others by disobeying the messages on regulatory signs â€Å" for example, failing to stop at a stop sign, passing another car where it is not safe to pass, driving faster than the posted speed limit or driving the wrong way on a one-way street. Usually, regulatory signs are black and white vertical rectangles or squares, like SPEED LIMIT signs. Some regulatory signs are black, white and red, like the NO LEFT TURN sign with a circle and slash. Other regulatory signs are red and white, like STOP, YIELD, DO NOT ENTER and WRONG WAY signs. The STOP sign is the only octagon-shaped (8-sided) sign you see on the highway. At an intersection with a STOP sign, you must stop completely, check for pedestrians and cross traffic to clear the intersection before you go again. Slowing down without coming to a full stop is illegal. When you see a crosswalk or a stop line, stop before the front of your vehicle reaches the first painted line. If you cannot see traffic, yield to any pedestrians and then carefully pull forward past the line until you can see clearly. Check for traffic and pedestrians and then go ahead when the intersection is clear. EXCEPT RIGHT TURN This sign is also used in conjunction with stop signs. This sign allows motorists to make the right turn without stopping. A FOUR-WAY STOP sign means there are four stop signs at this intersection. Traffic from all four directions must stop. The first vehicle to reach the intersection should move forward first. If two vehicles reach the intersection at the same time, the driver on the left yields to the driver on the right. If facing one another both can proceed with caution, watching for possible turns. 4-WAY YIELD signs are triangular (3-sided) in shape. When you see this sign, you must slow down and check for traffic and give the right-of-way to pedestrians and approaching cross traffic. You stop only when it is necessary. Proceed when you can do so safely without interfering with normal traffic flow. Remember, you must have a sufficient gap in traffic before you can continue on at either STOP or YIELD sign locations. TO ONCOMING This sign is used in conjunction with a yield sign at a one-lane bridge or underpass location to alert motorists the one-lane roadway requires them to yield the right-of-way to opposing traffic. TRAFFIC RAILROAD CROSSBUCK SIGN. This sign is placed at a railroad crossing where the tracks cross the roadway. You should treat the crossbuck sign as a YIELD sign; slow down and prepare to stop, if you see or hear a train approaching. Refer to Chapter 3 for more information about railroad crossing safety. 10 Chapter 2 Signals, Signs and Pavement Markings PA Driverâ„ ¢s Manual The DO NOT ENTER and WRONG WAY signs work as a team. The DO NOT ENTER sign is put at the beginning of one-way streets and ramps. When you see this sign, do not drive onto that street or ramp in the direction you are heading. WRONG WAY signs are placed farther down the one-way street or ramp. They are placed there to catch your attention, if you accidentally turn onto the street or ramp. The ONE WAY sign means traffic is allowed to move only in the direction the sign is pointing. If you turn onto a one-way street traveling in the opposite direction, you are likely to get into a head-on collision. DIVIDED HIGHWAY NO TRUCKS DIVIDED HIGHWAY This sign means the road you are on intersects with a divided highway. The divided highway is really two (2), one-way roadways that are separated by a median or a guide rail. At the first roadway, you can only turn right, and at the second roadway, you can only turn left. NO BICYCLES NO PEDESTRIAN CROSSING NO TRUCKS, NO BICYCLES and NO PEDESTRIAN CROSSING Operators of trucks, bicycles and pedestrians may not use roadways where these signs are posted. The following signs are located where certain actions are prohibited at any or all times: NO U-TURN NO RIGHT TURN NO LEFT TURN This sign prohibits U-turns. Do not make a complete turn to go in the opposite direction. This sign indicates right turns are prohibited. Do not make a right turn at this intersection. This sign indicates left turns are prohibited. Do not make a left turn at this intersection. DO NOT PASS NO PARKING You may not park a vehicle at locations where this sign is posted. DO NOT PASS This sign may be placed in areas where you may not pass any vehicles going in the same direction. It is often accompanied by the yellow pennant-shaped sign that says NO PASSING ZONE (Refer to Warning Signs). The following LANE USE CONTROL SIGNS (Directional) are placed at or near intersections above the traffic lane they control to show what maneuver(s) are permitted from that lane. This sign indicates that at the intersection ahead traffic in the left lane must turn left and traffic in the adjoining lane may turn left or continue straight. 11 CENTER LANE LEFT TURN ONLY This sign indicates where a lane is reserved for the exclusive use of left-turning vehicles in either direction and is not to be used for through traffic or passing. Chapter 2 Signals, Signs and Pavement Markings PA Driverâ„ ¢s Manual LANE USE CONTROL SIGNS (continued) TURN TO LEFT OR RIGHT STRAIGHT OR TURN RIGHT TURN RIGHT ONLY If you are in a lane controlled by signs like these, you may travel in either direction the arrows point. TURN LEFT ONLY If you are in a lane controlled by a sign with a turn arrow and the word ONLY, when you reach the intersection, you must make the turn. You may travel only in the direction the arrow points, even if you are in the turn-only lane in error. KEEP RIGHT These signs direct drivers to keep to the right of the traffic island or divider. A SPEED LIMIT sign indicates the maximum legal speed under ideal conditions for the stretch of highway where it is posted. Your safety may depend upon driving slower than the posted speed under poor conditions. TEEN CRASH?FACT Driving too fast for conditions is the No. 1 reason 16 and 17-year-old drivers are involved in crashes. You may not turn during the red light cycle at an intersection where one of these signs is posted. You must wait for the signal to turn green. LEFT TURN YIELD ON GREEN LEFT TURN YIELD ON?GREEN This sign indicates a left turn is permitted, but you must yield to oncoming traffic. It is commonly placed at intersections, near the left-turn traffic signal, to remind drivers left turns are not protected when the circular green signal comes on. OPPOSING TRAFFIC HAS EXTENDED GREEN OPPOSING?TRAFFIC? HAS?EXTENDED?GREEN This sign is posted where opposing traffic may continue to move after your signal has turned red. RESERVED PARKING Although this sign is not black and white, it is a regulatory sign. It marks areas where parking is reserved for disabled persons or severely disabled veterans. Vehicles parked in these spaces must display authorized registration plates or parking placards. Unauthorized vehicles parked in these spaces are subject to a fine and towing costs. 12 Chapter 2 Signals, Signs and Pavement Markings PA Driverâ„ ¢s Manual WARNING SIGNS Warning signs tell you about conditions on or near the road ahead. They warn you about possible hazards or changes in roadway conditions. They are posted before the condition, so you have time to see what is ahead, decide how you should respond and slow down or change your travel path, if necessary. Warning signs are usually diamond shaped with black symbols or words on a yellow background. NO PASSING ZONE This is the only pennant-shaped warning sign. This sign marks the beginning of a no passing zone and is placed on the left side of the road facing the driver. CHEVRON SIGNS There is a sharp change in the direction of the road, such as a curve to the left or right. The road bends in the direction the chevron points. When used in a curve, there will be an advanced curve warning sign, and there may be several chevron signs placed throughout the curve. LEFT CURVE The road curves ahead to the left. You need to slow down, stay in the center of your lane and prepare to navigate through the left-bending curve. RIGHT CURVE The road curves ahead to the right. You need to slow down and position your vehicle slightly to the right of the center of your lane, as you drive through the right-bending curve. SHARP LEFT TURN The road ahead turns sharply to the left. You need to slow down substantially, stay in the center of your lane and prepare to navigate through the sharp left turn. Some sharp turn signs have an advisory speed located on the sign or posted below it. SHARP RIGHT TURN The road ahead turns sharply to the right. You need to slow down substantially, position your vehicle slightly to the right of the center of your lane and prepare to navigate through the sharp right turn. Some sharp turn signs have an advisory speed located on the sign or posted below it. SET OF CURVES The road ahead curves first in one direction and then back in the other direction (a set of two (2) curves). Slow down and prepare to navigate through the set of curves. RIGHT AND LEFT SHARP TURNS The road ahead turns sharply first in one direction and then back in the other direction. Slow down substantially and prepare to navigate through the set of turns. 13 Chapter 2 Signals, Signs and Pavement Markings PA Driverâ„ ¢s Manual WINDING ROAD (SERIES OF CURVES) This sign indicates there are three (3) or more curves in a row on the road ahead. ONE DIRECTION LARGE ARROW The road ahead changes direction at an extreme angle. Before you reach such an extreme curve, slow down as much as you would to make a turn at an intersection. ROAD ENTERING CURVE The main road curves to the left with a side road entering from the right. Approach the intersection with extra caution. A driver preparing to enter the main road may not be able to see you approaching from around the curve and may pull out in front of you, leaving you little room to avoid a crash, if you are traveling too fast. TRUCK ROLLOVER This sign identifies curves where trucks traveling at excessive speeds have a potential to rollover. ADVISORY SPEED SIGNS This sign may be used with any diamond-shaped warning sign. The highest speed you should travel around a sharp left curve ahead is 25 mph. MERGING TRAFFIC This sign is placed on a major roadway to tell you traffic may be merging into your lane from another roadway or a ramp. In this example, the traffic will be entering your lane from the right. Entering traffic must yield to traffic already on the major roadway. ADDED LANE This sign is placed in advance of a point where two roadways meet. It means merging is not necessary because the entering traffic uses a new lane that has been added to the roadway. 14 Chapter 2 Signals, Signs and Pavement Markings PA Driverâ„ ¢s Manual DIVIDED HIGHWAY BEGINS The highway ahead becomes a divided highway with two oneway roadways and a median or divider separating traffic moving in opposite directions. Keep to the right of the divider or median. DIVIDED HIGHWAY ENDS The divided highway on which you are traveling ends ahead. You will then be on a roadway with twoway traffic. Keep to the right of the centerline and watch for oncoming traffic. TWO-WAY TRAFFIC AHEAD The one-way street or roadway ends ahead. You will then be traveling on a road with two (2) lanes of traffic moving in opposite directions. Stay in your lane to the right of the centerline. This sign may also be placed at intervals along the two-way roadway. LANE ENDS These signs tell you one (1) lane on a multi-lane roadway will end ahead. In these examples, the traffic in the right lane must merge left. LANE ENDS MERGE LEFT INTERSECTION?SIGNS The signs below show types of intersections. By showing you in advance how the roads join each other, the signs let you know when the road you are traveling on does not continue straight through the intersection. The signs also warn you about possible problems with the movements of other vehicles. Approach all of these intersection types with extra caution by searching ahead and preparing to slow down, if necessary. CROSS ROAD SIDE ROAD T INTERSECTION Y INTERSECTION CIRCULAR INTERSECTION TWO DIRECTION LARGE ARROW This sign is placed at the far side of a T-intersection to tell you that you can only go left or right. The road you are on does not continue straight through at the intersection. NARROW BRIDGE OR UNDERPASS AHEAD Each lane on the bridge or underpass becomes narrower, and there generally is no shoulder. You need to slow down and make sure you stay in your lane. If a driver approaching from the opposite direction has a wide vehicle or is taking up part of your lane, wait until he or she clears the area. SLIPPERY WHEN WET Especially slippery conditions exist when wet. In wet weather, reduce your speed and increase your following distance. Do not accelerate or brake quickly. Make turns at a very slow speed. 15 Chapter 2 Signals, Signs and Pavement Markings PA Driverâ„ ¢s Manual DEER CROSSING This sign is posted in areas where deer frequently cross and crashes with deer have occurred. LOW CLEARANCE This sign may be placed on an underpass, or at the entrance to a tunnel or parking garage. Do not enter if your vehicle is taller than the height listed on the sign. SHOULDER SIGNS These signs are placed in advance of locations where the shoulder is lower than the road or the shoulder is soft (not paved). The LOW SHOULDER sign is used where the shoulder is as much as three (3) inches below the level of the road. The SHOULDER DROP OFF sign is used for even more severe drop-off situations. If you stray off of the roadway and one (1) wheel drops off onto a low shoulder or a soft shoulder, do not slam on the brakes or steer sharply to try to get back onto the roadway†you can easily lose control of your vehicle! Refer to Chapter 3 for information about how to safely recover from drifting off of the pavement. HILL/DOWNGRADE There is a steep hill ahead. Slow down and be ready to shift to a lower gear to control your speed and to save wear and tear on your brakes. TRAFFIC SIGNAL AHEAD A traffic signal is present at the intersection ahead. You may not be able to see it because of a curve or hill. If the light is red (or if the light has just turned green), a line of vehicles may be stopped ahead. When you see this sign, slow down and prepare to stop, if necessary. STOP SIGN AHEAD A STOP sign is present at the intersection ahead. You may not be able to see it because of a curve, hill or something else blocking your view. There also may be a line of vehicles stopped ahead at the STOP sign you cannot see. When you see this sign, slow down in preparation to stop. BICYCLE CROSSING AHEAD Bicyclists may be crossing your path ahead. Be prepared to slow down, if necessary. This sign may have either a yellow background (as shown) or a fluorescent yellowgreen background. RAILROAD CROSSING AHEAD You are approaching a railroad crossing. When you see this sign, begin looking and listening for a train. This sign is placed far enough in advance to allow you to stop before you reach the tracks, if necessary. Refer to Chapter 3 for more information about railroad crossing safety. 16 Chapter 2 Signals, Signs and Pavement Markings PA Driverâ„ ¢s Manual ADVANCED INTERSECTION/RAILROAD CROSSING SIGN The intersecting road has a railroad crossing within a very short distance from the intersection. If you are planning to turn onto the intersecting road and if a train is approaching, be prepared to stop. SHARE BICYCLE/MOTOR VEHICLE SHARE THE ROAD Used at roadway pinch points (no shoulder, narrow lanes, etc.) to warn you, as a motorist, to provide adequate space for bicyclists to share the roadway. THE ROAD PEDESTRIAN CROSSING Used at a marked crosswalk or in advance of locations where pedestrians may be crossing your path. Be prepared to slow down or stop, if necessary. This sign may have either a yellow background (as shown) or a fluorescent yellow-green background. SCHOOL This is the only pentagon-shaped sign used on the roadway. It means you are approaching a school zone. If the sign is accompanied by a downward-pointing arrow, it means you are at the school zone crosswalk. You should slow down, watch for children crossing the road and stop, if necessary. This sign may have either a yellow background (as shown) or a fluorescent yellow-green background. HORSE-DRAWN VEHICLE This sign is posted in areas where slow moving, horse-drawn vehicles cross or share the roadway with motorized vehicles. OBJECTS ADJACENT TO THE ROADWAY Objects close to the edge of the road sometimes need a marker to warn drivers of the potential danger. These include underpass supports, ends of bridges, guiderails and other structures. In some cases, there may not be a physical object involved, but rather a roadside condition such as a drop-off or an abrupt change in the roadway alignment. Such roadside objects and conditions are indicated by the following markers, where the stripes are angled down in the direction you need to move to avoid the hazard: Right Hazard Keep to the Left Center Hazard Keep to the Left or Right 17 Left Hazard Keep to the Right Chapter 2 Signals, Signs and Pavement Markings PA Driverâ„ ¢s Manual WORK ZONE SIGNS (WORK AREA AND CONSTRUCTION ZONE SIGNS) Work Zone Signs are normally diamond shaped, like warning signs, but they are orange with black lettering instead of yellow with black lettering. These signs identify maintenance, construction or utility areas where workers or equipment may be on or near the roadway. Stay alert and slow down when you see these signs. Turn on your headlights when traveling through a work zone, no matter what time of day. This is the law for all posted work zones, not just for active ones. Using your headlights makes your vehicle more visible to other traffic as well as to highway workers. If you are pulled over by police for a traffic violation in a work zone and your vehicleâ„ ¢s headlights are not turned on, you will be fined an additional $25. ACTIVE WORK ZONE WHEN FLASHING INCREASED PENALTIES ROAD WORK AHEAD END ACTIVE WORK ZONE These WORK ZONE signs are placed at the beginning and end of an active work zone. An active work zone is the portion of a work zone where construction, maintenance or utility workers are on the roadway, or on the shoulder of the highway next to an open travel lane. ROAD WORK AHEAD This sign informs you there is road work ahead and also cautions you to slow down. WORKERS AHEAD Workers may be on or are very close to the roadway, so take special care when traveling through the area. LANE CLOSED AHEAD This sign tells you a particular lane will be closed at a specified distance ahead. RIGHT LANE RIGHT LANE CLOSED CLOSED 1000 FT 1000 FT FLAGGER AHEAD (ROAD CONSTRUCTION AHEAD) The sign to the left shows a flagger is controlling traffic ahead. As shown below, flaggers use STOP and SLOW paddles or a red flag to signal you to stop or slow down. Pay special attention to flaggers when approaching and traveling through a work zone. TRAFFIC MUST STOP AND WAIT TRAFFIC MUST MOVE SLOWLY 18 DID YOU KNOW Highway workers have forms to report motorists who speed or drive unsafely in work zones to the police, who may then issue a ticket, resulting in fines and points. Chapter 2 Signals, Signs and Pavement Markings PA Driverâ„ ¢s Manual ELECTRIC ARROW PANELS Large electronic flashing arrow panels (move/merge right or left) placed in the roadway or mounted on vehicles advise approaching motorists of lane closures. Begin your merge well in advance of the sign. An arrow panel displaying either of the messages shown in the figure to the far right (caution) indicates there is a work area ahead next to the travel lane. Drive with extra caution. MOVE/MERGE RIGHT CAUTION MOVE/MERGE LEFT CHANNELING DEVICES Barrels, tubes, cones and vertical panels are all devices used in work zones to guide you through changing traffic patterns and keep you away from hazards associated with road work. GUIDE SIGNS Guide signs provide information about intersecting roads, help direct you to cities and towns, and show points of interest along the highway. Guide signs also help you find hospitals, service stations, restaurants and motels. Usually these signs are horizontal rectangles. HIGHWAY/EXPRESSWAY GUIDE SIGNS The following three signs are examples of highway and expressway guide signs. They are green with white letters. Most highway and expressway signs are posted the same way. For example, there is usually one advance sign which is followed by another advance sign. The third sign then is posted at the exit. Several signs are necessary because the high speed and heavy traffic on highways can cause drivers to miss seeing a single sign. Also, motorists may need to make one or more lane changes to exit. EXITS 30 E-W EXITS 30 E-W 22 22 Colonial Park Progress 2 MILES Colonial Park Progress 1 MILE EXIT 30 E 22 EAST Colonial Park EXIT NUMBERS Exit numbers have been revised to correspond with the mile markers similar to states to the west and south of Pennsylvania. This change allows motorists to quickly calculate distances between exits, e.g., the distance between Exit 95 and Exit 20 is 75 miles. EXIT 30-W If a yellow panel with the message EXIT ONLY is on a highway sign, the lane below the sign will not continue through the interchange; instead, the lane will go off of the road to form a ramp. If you are in a lane posted with an EXIT ONLY, you may change lanes, or you must exit the highway if you stay in this lane. 19 22 WEST Progress 1 MILE EXIT ONLY EXIT 30 W 22 WEST Progress EXIT ONLY Chapter 2 Signals, Signs and Pavement Markings PA Driverâ„ ¢s Manual HERE ARE SOME TIPS TO LET YOU KNOW WHICH SIDE OF THE HIGHWAY YOU WILL EXIT: EXIT 7 EXIT 13 WEST 22 80 Trenton 1 MILE Exit 13 for Route 22 will be on the left side of the highway. 80 22 Bowie Exit 7 for Route 22 will be on the right side of the highway. The small green EXIT number sign on top of the green rectangular sign will be on the left side of the sign, if the exit is on the left side of the highway. The small green EXIT number sign on top of the green rectangular sign will be on the right side of the sign, if the exit is on the right side of the highway. If the sign has white arrows, the arrow will point in the direction of the exit. INTERSTATE NUMBERING SYSTEM The red, white and blue shield sign indicates a highway is an interstate. These interstates are specially numbered to help motorists find their way through unfamiliar areas. A code is used to show if the route travels mainly east and west or north and south, and to show if the route is in the eastern, middle or western United States. Decoding the Interstate Numbering System. The numbers on the interstate shield can be a great navigational aid when you understand how they are developed. They generally follow this pattern: One or two-digit, even-numbered interstates are generally east-west routes. Nationally, the numbers increase from I-10 in the south to I-94 in the north. In Pennsylvania, I-76 is in the southern part of the state, and I-84 and I-80 are in the northern part. One or two-digit, odd-numbered interstates are generally north-south routes. Numbers increase from the west coast I-5 to the east coast I-95. In Pennsylvania, I-79 is in the western part of the state, and I-95 is in the eastern part. Three-digit numbered interstate highways connect to other major highways. If the first of the three (3) digits is an even number, the highway usually connects to interstate highways at both ends, such as I-276 in Philadelphia. Many times such routes are known as loops or beltways. When the first of the three (3) digits is an odd number, the highway is usually a spur route connecting with another interstate at only one (1) end, sometimes going into a city center such as I-180 in Williamsport. 1 9112 1490 16 MILE MARKERS Mile markers are used on some highways to indicate the number of miles from the point where the traffic route entered the state or from its beginning, if it does not extend to the state borders. The numbers start at zero in the western part of the state for east-west roadways and in the southern part of the state for north-south roadways. The numbers increase as you travel east or north and decrease as you travel west or south. For example, when you enter Pennsylvania from the west on Interstate I-80, the mile markers begin at Mile 1 and increase as you travel east. Knowing how to read mile markers can help you to know exactly where you are and give an approximate location, if you have to call for roadside assistance. 20 Chapter 2 Signals, Signs and Pavement Markings PA Driverâ„ ¢s Manual ROUTE MARKERS The following signs indicate the route on which you are traveling. The route marker shows you the road is U.S. Traffic Route 22. 22 39 The junction plate on this route marker shows you are approaching the intersection of U.S. Traffic Route 22. 22 WEST 22 WEST The supplemental arrow on this route marker assembly means you are approaching a right turn to continue on U.S. Traffic Route 22 West. JCT TO 22 22 The keystone marker shows you the road is Pennsylvania Traffic Route 39. The direction plate on this route marker shows you are traveling west on U.S. Traffic Route 22. The route marker sign and TO trailblazer sign and the supplemental arrow means if you want to gain access to U.S. Traffic Route 22, you must continue ahead. SERVICE SIGNS The following signs are examples of service signs. The signs are square or rectangular, are blue with white letters or symbols, and show the location of various services located at the next exit. D HOSPITAL TELEPHONE FOOD GAS DIESEL LODGING TOURIST-ORIENTED DIRECTIONAL SIGNS 3 Susquehanna Indian Museum GETTYSBURG NATIONAL MILITARY PARK 2 MILES 21 These signs are square or rectangular and may be blue or brown with white lettering. The signs direct motorists to tourist attractions such as museums, historical landmarks, or state or national parks. Chapter 2 Signals, Signs and Pavement Markings PA Driverâ„ ¢s Manual PAVEMENT MARKINGS Most roads have permanent markings to show the center of the road, travel lanes or road edges. The markings that show the center of the road are solid or broken lines. These pavement markings also indicate special lane use. Yellow lines divide traffic traveling in opposite directions. Yellow lines are used to mark the center of two-lane roads, and to mark the left edge of divided highways, one-way streets and ramps. Solid white lines divide lanes of traffic traveling in the same direction. Solid white lines are also used to mark the right edge of the road. M M A double, solid yellow centerline shows the center of a twoway road. Even if it is not marked with a NO PASSING sign, passing by traffic traveling in either direction is not allowed on roads marked in this manner. The combination of a solid yellow and a broken yellow centerline also shows the center of a two-way roadway. You may pass if the broken line is on your side of the road and safe conditions exist, but you may not pass when a solid yellow line is on your side of the road. M A single, broken yellow centerline shows the center of a two-way, two-lane road. Passing is permitted on either side, if safe conditions exist. When passing, you must use the lane belonging to oncoming traffic. M As a general rule, broken traffic lines can be crossed and solid lines cannot, except when making a turn. Some examples of different pavement markings and their meanings follow: M M M M TURNING LANE ONLY MM MM MM MM Marking patterns like these may be found on many three-Iane or five-lane highways. The outside, solid yellow centerline means you cannot use the center lane for passing. The inside, broken yellow and solid yellow centerlines show vehicles traveling in either direction may use the center lane only to make left turns. Refer to Chapter 3 for more information about using center turn lanes safely. Multi-lane highways without medians (center dividers) are often marked as shown. Broken white lines show which lanes can be used by vehicles traveling the same way. You may cross the broken white lines to pass, (be sure the passing lane is clear) but you may not cross the double yellow centerlines to pass. Traffic is traveling in the opposite direction in the lane to the left of the yellow centerline. This pattern is used on most limited access highways with medians (center dividers). The right edge of the road is marked with a solid white line. The left edge of each side is marked by a solid yellow line. The traffic lanes for each side are marked by broken white lines, which may be crossed. Pavement markings also include words painted on the pavement and arrows that supplement messages posted on regulatory and warning signs. Examples include the words STOP AHEAD before an intersection with a STOP sign, YIELD or white triangles painted across the lane to indicate you must yield to approaching traffic, SCHOOL before a school zone, R X R before a railroad crossing, BIKE LANE for a lane reserved for bicyclists, ONLY with a left or right arrow to indicate the lane is reserved for turns only and large white arrows to indicate the direction of travel on oneway streets and highway off-ramps. 22 Chapter 2 Signals, Signs and Pavement Markings PA Driverâ„ ¢s Manual CHAPTER 2 REVIEW QUESTIONS 1. WHEN YOU SEE THIS SIGN, YOU MUST: A. Stop completely, check for pedestrians, and cross traffic B. Slow down without coming to a complete stop C. Stop completely and wait for a green light D. Slow down and check for traffic 2. THIS IS THE SHAPE AND COLOR OF A __________ SIGN. A. Stop B. Wrong Way C. Yield D. Do not enter 3. THIS SIGN MEANS: A. Stop B. No U-Turn C. Yield D. Do not enter 4. THIS SIGN MEANS: A. No U-Turn B. No Turning C. No left turn D. No right turn 5. THIS SIGN MEANS: A. No U-Turn B. No left turn C. No right turn D. No turning 6. THIS SIGN MEANS: A. You must turn left or right B. You are approaching a T-intersection C. The road that you are on intersects with a divided highway D. Designates an overpass above a divided highway 7. YOU NEED TO USE EXTRA CAUTION WHEN DRIVING NEAR A PEDESTRIAN USING A WHITE CANE BECAUSE: A. He or she is deaf B. He or she has a mental disability C. He or she is blind D. He or she has a walking problem 8. WHEN DRIVING NEAR A BLIND PEDESTRIAN WHO IS CARRYING A WHITE CANE OR USING A GUIDE DOG, YOU SHOULD: A. Slow down and be prepared to stop B. Take the right-of-way C. Proceed normally D. Drive away quickly 23 DIVIDED HIGHWAY Chapter 2 Signals, Signs and Pavement Markings 9. IF THERE ARE NO SIGNALS AT A RAILROAD CROSSING, YOU SHOULD: A. Slow down and prepare to stop if you see or hear a train approaching B. Proceed as quickly as possible over the tracks C. Proceed through the crossing at a normal rate D. Proceed slowly over the tracks 10. YOU MAY DRIVE AROUND THE GATES AT A RAILROAD CROSSING: A. When the train has passed B. Never C. When the lights have stopped flashing D. When other drivers drive around the gates 11. IF YOU SEE THIS SIGN ABOVE YOUR LANE, YOU: A. May not exit the freeway in this lane B. May continue through the interchange or exit the freeway in this lane C. May stay in this lane and continue through the interchange D. Must exit the freeway if you stay in this lane 12. HIGHWAY AND EXPRESSWAY GUIDE SIGNS ARE: A. Orange with black letters B. Green with white letters C. Yellow with black letters D. Red with white letters 13. THIS SIGN IS USED TO WARN DRIVERS ABOUT: A. Upcoming intersections B. Road construction C. Road curves ahead D. Changes in traffic lanes 14. THIS SIGN TELLS YOU THAT: A. No turns are allowed on this road B. The road narrows ahead C. There are a series of curves ahead D. The road may be slippery when wet 15. THIS SIGN MEANS: A. Left curve ahead B. Series of curves C. S curved ahead D. Slippery when wet 16. THIS SIGN INDICATES THAT: A. There is a steep hill ahead B. No trucks are allowed on the hill C. A logging road is ahead D. There are trucks on the hill 17. A YELLOW AND BLACK DIAMOND-SHAPED SIGN: A. Warns you about conditions on or near the road B. Helps direct you to cities and towns ahead C. Tells you about traffic laws and regulations D. Tells you about road construction ahead 24 PA Driverâ„ ¢s Manual Chapter 2 Signals, Signs and Pavement Markings PA Driverâ„ ¢s Manual 18. THE SIGN WITH THIS SHAPE AND COLOR IS A _____________ SIGN. A. No passing zone B. Wrong way C. Railroad crossing D. Stop 19. WHICH OF THESE SIGNS IS USED TO SHOW THE END OF A DIVIDED HIGHWAY A. 2 1 2 3 LANE ENDS B. 4 MERGE C. 3 LEFT D. 1 20. THIS SIGN IS USED TO WARN DRIVERS ABOUT: A. Lane ends, merge left B. Road curves ahead C. Upcoming intersections D. Road construction 21. THIS SIGN SHOWS ONE TYPE OF: A. Intersection B. Road curve C. Right turn D. Lane change 22. THIS SIGN SHOWS ONE TYPE OF: A. Right turn B. Intersection C. Lane change D. Road curve 23. WHAT SHOULD YOU BE MOST CONCERNED ABOUT WHEN YOU SEE THIS SIGN A. Driving with your headlights out of alignment because one side of your car is higher than the other B. Damaging a tire, if you drift onto the shoulder C. Hydroplaning, if the shoulder has water on it D. Losing control of your vehicle, if you drift onto the shoulder, because of a drop off 24. WHAT A. B. C. D. IS THE MEANING OF THIS SIGN The traffic signal ahead is red The traffic signal ahead is broken The traffic signal ahead is green There is a traffic signal ahead 25. THIS SIGN MEANS: A. Divided highway ends B. One-way street begins C. One-way street ends D. Divided highway begins 26. FROM TOP TO BOTTOM, THE FOLLOWING IS THE PROPER ORDER FOR TRAFFIC LIGHTS: A. Red, yellow, green B. Red, green, yellow C. Green, red, yellow D. Green, yellow, red 25 4 Chapter 2 Signals, Signs and Pavement Markings 27. IF A GREEN ARROW TURNS INTO A GREEN LIGHT, YOU: A. May still turn but you must yield to oncoming traffic B. May no longer turn and must proceed straight C. Still have the right of way to turn D. No longer have to turn the way the arrow indicates 28. A STEADY YELLOW LIGHT AT AN INTERSECTION MEANS: A. Go B. Yield to other cars C. Slow down and prepare to stop D. Stop 29. A FLASHING YELLOW LIGHT MEANS THAT YOU SHOULD: A. Slow down and proceed with care B. Continue through if the way is clear C. Stop and proceed when a green light appears D. Stop and proceed when the way is clear 30. YOU MUST STOP WHEN YOU SEE A: A. Flashing red light B. Steady yellow light C. Yellow arrow D. Flashing yellow light 31. A STEADY GREEN LIGHT AT AN INTERSECTION MEANS THAT YOU: A. Must slow down and prepare to stop B. Must stop and check for oncoming traffic before proceeding C. May drive through the intersection if the road is clear D. May not turn right 32. A STEADY YELLOW LIGHT MEANS THAT A _______ LIGHT WILL SOON APPEAR. A. Flashing yellow B. Steady green C. Steady red D. Flashing red 33. YOU MAY CONTINUE CAREFULLY THROUGH A YELLOW LIGHT IF: A. There is an emergency vehicle crossing your lane B. There are no pedestrians crossing C. You are turning right D. You are within the intersection 34. YOU MAY TURN LEFT AT A RED LIGHT IF: A. There is no traffic coming in the opposite direction B. You are turning from a two-way street onto a one-way street C. You are turning from a one-way street onto another one-way street D. The car in front of you turns left 35. IF A TRAFFIC LIGHT IS BROKEN OR NOT FUNCTIONING YOU SHOULD: A Stop and wait for it to be repaired B Stop and wait for a police officer to arrive C. Continue as if it were a four-way stop sign D. Continue as you normally would 26 PA Driverâ„ ¢s Manual Chapter 2 Signals, Signs and Pavement Markings PA Driverâ„ ¢s Manual 36. YOU MAY TURN RIGHT ON RED IF YOU: A. Stop first and check for traffic and pedestrians B. Have a right turn red arrow C. Are in the left lane D. Slow down first 37. WHEN A. B. C. D. MAKING A RIGHT TURN ON A GREEN LIGHT, YOU MUST: Maintain normal driving speed Stop and look for oncoming traffic Yield to pedestrians Increase your normal driving speed 38. THE SPEED LIMIT IS _______ MILES PER HOUR WHEN THE YELLOW LIGHTS ARE FLASHING ON THE SCHOOL ZONE SPEED SIGN. A. 25 B. 15 C. 20 D. 35 39. A FLASHING RED LIGHT AT A RAILROAD CROSSING MEANS: A. Stop, do not proceed until signals are completed B. Slow down and proceed if clear C. Proceed with caution D. You have the right-of-way ?   40. THIS GREEN ARROW ON A LANE USE CONTROL SIGNAL MEANS THAT: A. You may use this lane B. No traffic is allowed in this lane C. You have the right-of-way D. You must merge into this lane 41. THIS SIGN MEANS: A. Pedestrians ahead B. End of construction zone C. School crossing ahead D. Flagger ahead 42. THIS SIGN MEANS THAT: A. A community service group is picking up trash along the highway ahead B. Workers are on or very close to the road in the work zone ahead C. Children are at play ahead D. There is a pedestrian crosswalk ahead 43. WHEN AN ARROW PANEL IN A WORK ZONE SHOWS EITHER OF THE FOLLOWING PATTERNS, IT MEANS: A. The bulbs on the sign are burned out B. Drive with caution C. Changes lanes immediately D. Tune your radio to a station that gives traffic updates 44. THE CENTER LANE IN THE ILLUSTRATION IS USED FOR: A. Regular travel B. Left turns only C. Passing only D. Emergency vehicles only 27 ROAD WORK AHEAD Chapter 2 Signals, Signs and Pavement Markings PA Driverâ„ ¢s Manual 45. YOU MAY PASS IF THE LINE DIVIDING TWO LANES IS A ___________ LINE. A. Broken white B. Double solid yellow C. Solid yellow D. Solid white 46. LANES OF TRAFFIC MOVING IN THE SAME DIRECTION ARE DIVIDED BY ____ LINES. A. Yellow B. White C. Red D. Black 47. YOU MAY NOT PASS ANOTHER CAR ON EITHER SIDE OF A _______ CENTERLINE. A. Combination solid and broken yellow B. Single broken yellow C. Double solid yellow D. Single broken white 48. YOU MAY CROSS SOLID YELLOW LINES: A. To pass traffic moving in the same direction B. During daylight hours only C. At any time D. When making turns 49. THE ROAD EDGE ON THE RIGHT SIDE IS MARKED BY A ___________ LINE. A. Broken white B. Solid yellow C. Solid white D. Broken yellow audio 50. LANES OF TRAFFIC MOVING IN THE OPPOSITE DIRECTION ARE DIVIDED BY ____ LINES. A. White B. Red C. Black D. Yellow 51. WHEN YOU SEE THIS BLACK AND YELLOW SIGN, IT MEANS: A. The road to the right is for one-way traffic only B. Detour to the right because of road construction C. Slow down because the road ahead changes direction at an extreme angle D. There is a cross road ahead on your right 52. WHEN YOU SEE THIS SIGN, IT MEANS: A. There is an object on the roadway B. Traffic is coming from the right C. The road is curving sharply to the left D. There is a merge point ahead 53. AT AN INTERSECTION CONTROLLED BY A STOP SIGN, IF YOU CANâ„ ¢T GET A GOOD VIEW OF CROSS-STREET TRAFFIC WHEN YOU STOP BEHIND THE WHITE STOP BAR PAINTED ON THE PAVEMENT, YOU SHOULD: A. Wait 5 seconds, then proceed. B. Sound your horn before proceeding C. Put down your windows, listen for traffic, and then proceed D. Pull forward slowly, check for traffic and pedestrians, and proceed when clear 28 Chapter 2 Signals, Signs and Pavement Markings PA Driverâ„ ¢s Manual 54. THE POSTED SPEED LIMITS SHOW: A. The minimum legal speed limit B. The exact speed at which you must travel to avoid a ticket C. The maximum safe speed under ideal road and weather conditions D. The maximum safe speed under all road conditions 55. A HIGHWAY WITH TWO-WAY TRAFFIC IS MARKED BY WHICH OF THESE SIGNS A. 1 1 2 3 LANE ENDS B. 2 MERGE C. 3 LEFT D. 4 56. FROM A. B. C. D. 4 THE CENTER LANE, WHAT MANEUVERS CAN YOU PERFORM Make left turns Make U-turns Pass slower-moving traffic All of the above 57. WHICH OF THESE SIGNS MEANS THAT DRIVERS SHOULD KEEP TO THE RIGHT A. 2 1 2 3 B. 1 C. 3 D. 4 29 4 Chapter 2 Signals, Signs and Pavement Markings PA Driverâ„ ¢s Manual CHAPTER 2 ANSWER KEY 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. A C D A C C C A A B D B C C D A A A A 20. 21. 22. 23. 24. 25. 26. 27. 28. 29. 30. 31. 32. 33. 34. 35. 36. 37. 38. 39. 40. 41. 42. 43. 44. 45. 46. 47. 48. 49. 50. 51. 52. 53. 54. 55. 56. 57. A A B D D D A A C A A C C D C C A C B 30 A A D B B B A B C D C D C C D C C A A

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Climate change - Coursework Example Part of the problem with America’s stance on climate change is that many Americans are, as yet, unconvinced about the authenticity of the claims that the earth’s temperature having an effect on global weather conditions. It does not help when some of these skeptical people are sitting members of the United States Congress. If the people in charge of debating laws do not approve of international efforts to deal with climate change, then there can be little hope for the rest of us. The key thing with global warming is that there is a joined international effort to stop it. Because it affects the whole world, each country is forced to deal with the problem on its own. The United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change is the first step to solving the problem. It may not be perfect, but it is a start. It is time that America stood up and realized this fact so that it can do something about

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Australian Migration Law Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Australian Migration Law - Assignment Example There is no application charge. The applicant must in Australia, but not in immigration clearance. Also, one of the conditions for the bridging visa is that the applicant has made a valid application for a substantive visa that has not been finally determined. He is a person who is immigration cleared. You may continue your work as welder under this visa. However, I am concerned that you have told your employer that you hold permanent residence visa when you know you do not. While the position in Australia for those seeking employment is quite generous, you would do well to inform your employer about your actual visa status forthwith, even if it costs you your job. It is better to go through some hardship for a short time rather than complicate matters with information you would be hard put to substantiate at a later stage. The provisions of the Australian Migration Act 1958 and 1994, and other legislation relating to migration procedure make it abundantly clear that information provided in the visa application form are truthful and accurate. (Code of Conduct, p.3) While on the subject, I may inform you that there is clear... Code of Ethics Now I must highlight certain issues I have felt strongly about and I am duty bound to bring to your notice. The provisions of the Australian Migration Act 1958 and 1994, and other legislation relating to migration procedure make it abundantly clear that information provided in the visa application form are truthful and accurate. (Code of Conduct, p.3) You could retain your employment status under any one of the visa subclasses, if need be. The bridging visa is sufficient to allow continuance of your current job status, if your employer permits. While on the subject, I may inform you that there is clear-cut delineation between truths and falsehoods, rights and wrongs, facts and fiction. Most often it depends upon circumstances and situations, and where or how far away you stand from the dividing line. The visa application form you are required to fill gives you enough scope to state your particulars clearly and unambiguously without unduly affecting your job prospects. From the information I could gather from you, your status as law-abiding citizen is unblemished. Other than this, as ETA holder, you are quite well placed to apply for the appropriate visa and formally obtain the position you wish to secure in this country. The only criteria necessary in achieving objectives is presentation of facts as they stand in your individual case and how capable you are on supporting these facts. These facts depend upon the data available with you. It does no good to gloss over one's true position by resorting to misrepresentations and half-truths. By all accounts, integrity is a great personal asset and must be treated as such. Customs, traditions and the

Model Of Web Of Causation Health And Social Care Essay

Model Of Web Of Causation Health And Social Care Essay The model of web of causation dates back to 1960, when it was developed to represent different pathways that point on a genesis of a health problem or a disease, giving rise to defined causative risk factors. The model has been used in community health and nursing to explain diseases and disabilities caused by multiple factors and identify possible points for preventive interventions in community health problems. This research paper introduces the conceptual nursing model of the web of causation and uses a community aggregate of children below 18 years diagnosed with type 1 and type 2 diabetes to discuss conceptual nursing web of causation. Introduction Medicineamigo (2007) defines web of causation as a medical term used to represent a complex group of subjects and relationships that can contribute to occurrence and spread of a disease. The model of web of causation shows that diseases are not distributed randomly in any group but isolation of how they are distributed requires one to study several factors. This implies that there are multiple and heterogeneous causes of any disease, symptom or health condition, collectively forming a web of causation. Clark (2008) argues that the model of the web of causation represents pathway factors that point to a genesis of a health problem and gives rise to or mitigate more precisely defined causative risk factors. Based on this model, one can increase the chances of controlling a disease or a health condition by breaking more links within the web of potential factors in the model. The model offers a solution in conceptualizing health problems that have multi- factoral etiologies such as diabe tes. Historical Development of Model of Web of Causation MacMahon, Pugh, and Ipsen (1960) came up with the model of web of causation; whereby it was used explain the occurrence of icterus for a group of patients who were receiving treatment for syphilis. This was followed by a more sophisticated but generalized web of causation that Stallones came up with in 1966. The purpose of his web of causation was to to describe the interrelationships among the 3 main types of cardiovascular disease. After some further research, Friedman developed a web of causation that was more detailed in 1980. His model was based on causation for the classic heart attack. This development marked the beginning for mapping what is today known concerning the etiology of heart diseases. The model of web of causation has continued to gain popularity since its discovery in 1960 and has proved useful in identifying possible factors for preventive interventions in community health. How Concepts Relate Within the Model of Web of Causation Duncan (2007) points out how the model of web of causation emphasizes on agents in explaining causes of diseases, while providing multifactoral causes that traverse various pathways, mirroring reality. In this model, the disease or a health condition is not only seen to be having different causes, but each one of these individual causes is viewed as a consequence that came from the multiple causes, of which each is an effect resultanting to multiple causes. This web is built using arrows of causation, with each arrow of causation implying that the element at the arrow source is somehow an individual cause of the element at that particular point of the arrow. Using type 1 and type 2 diabetes in children under 18 as an example, the disease can be as a result of new potential risk factor within the neighborhood or a variable in the web of causation representing a toxic environment that leads to diabetes or a variable representing lack of health care for possible underlying causes of dia betes such as high blood pressure or obesity, or having genetic predisposition that leads to diabetes (At Health 2005). Model Application to Nursing Process The model of web of causation can be used in nursing process to explain diseases and disabilities caused by multiple factors such as hepatitis and diabetes, which can be explained using complex relationship in the disease agent, host and environment; integrating factors such as genetic factors, environmental factors and race among others (At Health, 2005). American Diabetes Association (2000) highlights the importance of the model of web of causation in monitoring of diabetes in children and adolescents to avoid further complications resulting from the disease. This can be achieved when families work together with health care providers to help set a childà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s target for blood glucose levels and develop a personal diabetes plan for healthy meals, regular exercise and oral medication. Duncan (2007) explains how the model can be applied in nursing to address health related threats and conditions such as the problem of teenage pregnancy, which is attributed to complex interaction between several causative and contributing factors such as ignorance, peer pressure and lack of contraceptives among others. Applications Model of Web of Causation to Community Health Problems According to Clark (2008), the model of web of causation is applied in enhancing the understanding of non-communicable diseases. The model has further been used in identifying possible points for preventive interventions in community health problems. Based on this model, prevention of obesity can be used as an intervention measure to protect the target population from being infected with type 2 diabetes. Duncan (2007) explains the importance of the model of web of causation in summarizing community health information for presentation, communication and analysis. He points out the importance of the model in study of distribution of health outcomes in a given population through interpretation of epidemiological relationships. Importance Of Community Partnership In Community Health Projects Community partnership in community health projects brings collaborative efforts to improve health through sharing of resources, combining talents and enhancing opportunities to achieve positive health outcomes (World Health Organization, 2002). According to World Health Organization (2002), involving communities in community health projects is a sign of giving up control and concern about who contributes to success of the partnership. This empowers people to creatively develop skills and build competencies and capacities because better and more sustainable decisions are made by involving communities in decision making. Furthermore, community participation in health projects is a way of extending the democratic process by opening up governance and redressing inequality in power for organizations involved. This offers new opportunities for creative thinking and innovative planning of health projects. Partnership with community in community health project implementation creates dedicated staff in project implementation as communities positively identify with the projects. This ensures ownership and sustainability of the projects, provides a source of information, knowledge as well as experience and eliminates deficiencies in the society, while empowering members to put emphasis on problem solving (WHO, 2002). Conclusion The model of web of causation is an important model that has been used in community health to represent different pathways that point on a genesis of a health problem or a disease, giving rise to defined causative risk factors. It has proved to be a viable model in addressing health problems that have multifactoral causes like the type 1 and type 2 diabetes. Lasting solutions in addressing community health problems can be achieved by involving people at community level in decision making and participation in community health projects.

Catholic Social Justice Essay: Embryonic Stem Cell Research

As Christians we are instilled with the belief that all life is sacred from the moment of conception. But what if science could develop a cure for degenerative diseases using research which contradicts the firm beliefs of the Catholic Church. Could you trade your beliefs for a cure? The research into stem cells is proposing this very solution to modern day society. As technology gets more advanced we are constantly gathering more and more information about the science of human life. With this in mind however, who gets to decide when the cost of breaching human rights and decency out weighs the benefits. Embryonic stem cell research takes excess embryos from in-vitro fertilization and aborted fetuses to conduct research. The research is invasive and leads to the death of the fetus. How can we as Catholic’s who are called to be socially just promote this research when it challenges our beliefs to such a degree. The research of embryonic stem cells is a desecration to the validit y and sacredness of human-life and is therefore murder of human beings. The means of gaining material for this research promotes disrespect for the dignity of human life, murder, and also interferes with God’s plan for humanity. There are three main types of stem cell research which are currently being studied today. These types include umbilical-cord stem cells, adult stem cells, and embryonic stem cells. Due to their capability to develop into basically any kind of cell, stem cells exhibit a great promise in scientific experimentation. Scientists are pushing these forms of research due to the promise of finding cures for diseases such as Alzheimer's, Parkinson's, stroke, spinal cord injuries, and other conditions and diseases. (Smith and Kaczor 48). The... ...Perf. Jim Carrey and Steve Carell. Twentieth Century Fox, 2008. Motion Picture. Human Embryo Experimentation. San Diego: Greenhaven Press, Bonnie Barbour, 2002. Print Irving, Dianne N. â€Å"Stem Cell Research: some Pro’s and Con’s.† physiciansforlife.ca. N.d. Web. 1 Jan 2011. Richert, Scott P. â€Å"The Catholic Church’s Teaching on Stem-Cell Research.† catholicism.about.com. N.d. Web. 1 January 2011. Smith, Janet E and Christopher Kaczor. Life Issues Medical Choices. Cincinnati: St. Anthony Messeger Press, 2007. Print. The English Standard Version Bible:   Containing the Old and New Testaments with Apocrypha.   Oxford:   Oxford UP, 2009.   Print. The Gospel of Life, Evangelium vitae. Pope John Paul II, March 25, 1995.

Truearth Case Analysis

TruEarth Healthy Foods: Market Research for a New Product Introduction Case Analyses: * Isabel Eckstein the brand manager had let the introduction of the most successful product of the company (Pasta Kit) in 2006 which means that she has a very strong marketing background. * Competitors began offering similar products in 2008 which cause the growth to slow. * Some of their competitors are Nestle and Kraft. * The do not make a rash decision. The success of Cucina Fresca was a calculated risk based on significant research. The company only uses high-quality durum wheat and mostly organic ingredients. * The company further raised consumer awareness through several promotional programs, using coupons, magazine advertisements, and in-store demonstrations. * Idea generation. As the company grew, the idea generation process became a more systematic evaluation of consumer trends, with formal management brainstorming sessions. * Three important developments reshaped how consumers purchased gr oceries. The first important trend was a new, loosely defined food category in the United States— â€Å"home meal replacement† (HMR).An increase in dual-income households had led to higher disposable incomes coupled with â€Å"time poverty,† as both workers found themselves lacking the time to cook a meal and clean up afterward. Further, consumers had tired of unhealthy carryout and fast food and started seeking greater variety and freshness. Supermarkets began meeting HMR needs by enhancing their fresh, prepared food offerings. * There was no fresh whole grain pasta with broad distribution, with 85% of those in favour of the concept having never purchased it before. * Competitive Threat: Rigazzi Fresh Whole Grain Pasta. Pizzas were a core component of the Italian-American food category, with annual sales in the United States estimated at $53 billion in 2007. * suggested that 77% of consumers ate pizza at least once a month. * The store-bought refrigerated pizza market was 11% of sales and totaled $5. 8 billion, making it a larger market than refrigerated pasta, which was approximately $4. 4B in 2007. * pizza demand in key demographics had been hurt by health concerns and the popularity of diets that restricted or cut out carbohydrates. Eckstein believed this presented the perfect opportunity for TruEarth. Independent surveys of restaurant-goers showed that 33% of people had â€Å"strong interest† in a whole grain crust. * Major chains like Papa John’s and Pizza Hut had introduced whole wheat or multi-grain crusts * Kraft and Nestle are already huge players here with low-cost frozen pizza. RECOMMENDATION HAI YE FUU MEMORANDUM DATE:January 11, 2009 TO:Isabel Eckstein Brand Manager FROM:Brett Matlack RE:Introduction of Whole Grain Pizza Product The slowing growth of Cucina Fresca’s sales has placed our competitive edge in the fresh Italian food category in jeopardy.In an attempt to retain our leadership position and exte nd our product line, we have invested in the development of a new whole grain pizza. We must decide whether to launch our pizza offering. Our decision must take into consideration that the new product’s wholesales volume estimates must exceed $12 million to meet our return requirements. The decision-making process is time sensitive because one of our competitors, Rigazzi Brands, has already tested a whole grain pizza concept and is not far from introduction. Given these factors, we can either debut or suspend the product.Based on sales volume estimates and situation analysis, I recommend that the company launch the pizza. The introduction will result in a wholesales volume that exceeds our return requirements and these additional funds can be reinvested into the firm. Option I: Launch Whole Grain Pizza Product The launch of a whole grain pizza kit will capitalize on the same consumer trends that prompted the release of Cucina Fresca: growing demand for quick, customizable hom e meal replacements that are refrigerated and available in tasty, whole grain options.Also, pizza is a core component of the Italian-American food category that we cannot ignore because it is frequently purchased by customers on a monthly basis. Our whole grain pizza product resolves the time- and health-related concerns of American consumers in one of their favorite dishes (see Exhibit 1: SWOT Analysis for Whole Grain Pizza Product). The growing demand for a whole grain crust has been addressed by local pizzerias and take-out franchises, but not in the store-bought refrigerated pizza market. The immediate release of the pizza kit would allow us to penetrate this market before Rigazzi and benefit from first mover advantages.As a result, our 1st year wholesale volume estimates would exceed our return requirements by approximately $4. 5 million (see Exhibit 2: Whole Grain Pizza Concept Purchase Volume Estimate, Year 1 [Excellent]). The excess returns can be reinvested into the firm an d used to expand our manufacturing facilities or further extend our product line. If the pizza kit is launched, the firm must consider the potential consequences. We must assess the impact it will have on Cucina Fresca’s success and production, as well as the TruEarth image if the product flops (see Exhibit 1: SWOT Analysis for Whole Grain Pizza Product).Likewise, we must review the potential consequences if the wholesale volume estimate is calculated using the percentage repurchases when the product is perceived to be of mediocre or average quality (see Exhibit 3: Whole Grain Pizza Concept Purchase Volume Estimate, Year 1 [Mediocre, Average]. Option II: Do Not Launch Whole Grain Pizza Product The competitive environment of the pizza market and quality-related issues discovered in the BASES studies indicate that the whole grain pizza product should not be launched. Although the market generates high sales, it is extremely crowded and dominated by powerful players like Kraft a nd Nestle.Furthermore, the ability to market a tasty whole-grain pizza crust and communicate its benefits will be difficult because the American public perceives whole grains to be less appetizing than white flour. Attempting to change consumer preferences is timely and costly. By foregoing the release of the pizza kit, the company can focus solely on Cucina Fresca. The operating facilities will not have to worry about manufacturing two different product lines and our distribution infrastructure will not be overworked (see Exhibit 1: SWOT Analysis for Whole Grain Pizza Product).Likewise, our marketing team could concentrate on attempting to revive the pasta meals. This product has proven to be successful at one time. Investing all of our resources into the pizza product could be both disastrous and expensive considering we have no experience in this market category. However, by shelving the pizza, an opportunity is lost because our company would be ignoring the needs of a potentiall y profitable market. The health-conscious trend is not going away and our firm needs to expand our product line in order to retain our leadership as a gourmet, healthy alternative.Recommendation At this time, our company would benefit the most by launching the new whole grain pizza product. By not launching the pizza kit, our investments and time can be focused on expanding the pasta line and retooling the marketing campaign to improve sales; however, in order to diversify the TruEarth brand name, innovation is needed. Although the pasta market may seem safe, we must venture into new categories in order to raise brand awareness, seek new customers, and increase our profits. Exhibit 1: SWOT Analysis for Whole Grain Pizza Product Strengths| Weaknesses| Highly selective about ingredients * Existing infrastructure for coupons, magazine advertisements, in-store demonstrations * Existing formal 4-step process for research and development * Incremental investment for pizza less than pasta * Higher awareness of pizza product among Cucina Fresca customers * Successful market experience in launching new products (brand name awareness) * Existing manufacturing equipment and distribution infrastructure to get fresh food to shelves quickly * Easy preparation, but gives customers the chance to be involved in the cooking process * Permits customers to customize * Refrigerated pizza is considered tastier, more authentic than frozen pizza * Is a product for the whole family (8. /10 in mall-intercept) * 28% of home-trial users believe there is no need for improvement * 33% of respondents in mall-intercept considered the TruEarth name a favorable advantage| * Pizza kit only feeds 2-3 people * Consumers have to buy toppings separately * Limited selection of toppings and varieties offered * Considered too expensive ($12. 38 vs. $10. 09 for other refrigerated options, $11. 72 for takeout) * Only received 10% favorable to product in overall taste, texture, and quality * Limited time to product expiration (similar refrigerated manufacturing issues as Cucina Fresca) * If using same equipment, this may lead to bottlenecks in both operating facilities and distribution network| Opportunities| Threats| Leverage relationship with North Dakota durum wheat supplier to supply wheat for pizza dough * Expand serving size options * Offer single serving sizes for individual meals; whole pizzas to feed a family * Expand topping offerings * Contract with local cafes and other gourmet specialty restaurants to offer products in other store formats * Create a packaged bundle which includes Cucina Fresca and the pizza kit * Leverage TruEarth brand name to enter the pizza market * TruEarth is well-liked and considered to be high quality Utilize this to demonstrate the benefits/product attributes of the pizza product | * Health conscious mindset (e. g. ow carbohydrate diet) has hurt key demographics in pizza demand * Consumers may not purchase additional toppings * Rigazzi has test ed a pizza concept and is preparing to introduce it * Competitors may quickly replicate whole-grain pizza kit and price them lower to win larger share of the market * Nestle and Kraft dominate the frozen-pizza market * Our pizza dough’s quality may not be comparable to freshly made takeout * Pizza market is extremely crowded (options include takeout, delivery, refrigerated) * If product succeeds, product facilities may struggle to manufacture two lines (Cucina Fresca placed on back burner, limited production) * If product fails, damage to TruEarth name may make it harder to launch new products in future| Exhibit 2: Whole Grain Pizza Concept Purchase Volume Estimate, Year 1 (Excellent) Total Purchase Intent| Definitely would buy| 18. 00%| % of â€Å"Definites† who actually buy| 80. 00%| â€Å"Definite† Purchases| 14. 40%| Probably would buy| 43. 00%| % of â€Å"Probables† who actually buy| 30. 00%| â€Å"Probable† Purchases| 12. 90%| Trial Rate | 27 . 30%| Marketing Plan Adjustment| Target Households| 58,500,000| Cucina Fresca Pasta Customers | 6,435,000| Non- Cucina Fresca Pasta Customers| 52,065,000|Customer Awareness| 50. 00%| Non-Customer Awareness| 12. 00%| All Commodity Volume Distribution (ACV)| 40. 00%| Marketing Adjusted Trial Rate| Cucina Fresca Pasta Customers Adjusted Trial Rate | 5. 46%| Non- Cucina Fresca Pasta Customers Adjusted Trial Rate| 1. 31%| Cucina Fresca Pasta Customers Trial Purchases| 351,351| Non- Cucina Fresca Pasta Customers Trial Purchases| 682,051. 5| Total Trial Purchases| 1,033,402,| Repeat Purchase Inputs| Repeat Purchase Occasions| 2. 00| Repeat Rate, by Product Services| Excellent Product| 49%| Repeat Volume, by Product Scenario| Excellent Product| 1,012,733,| Total Purchases| 2,046,135| Total Sales Volume|Retail Sales Volume| $25,331,151. 30| TruEarth Sales Volume| $16,465,248. 35| In Excess of Return Requirements| $4,465,248. 35| Exhibit 3: Whole Grain Pizza Concept Purchase Volume Estimate, Year 1 (Mediocre, Average) Inputs from Exhibit 2| Trial Rate| 27. 30| Total Trial Purchases| 1,033,402| Repeat Purchase Occasions| 2. 0| Repeat Rate, by Product Services| Mediocre Product| 21%| Average Product| 37%| Repeat Volume, by Product Scenario| Mediocre Product| 434,028. 84| Average Product| 764,717. 48| Total Purchases| Mediocre Product| 1,467,430,| Average Product| 1,798,119,| Total Sales Volume| Retail Sales Volume (Mediocre Product)| $18,166,783. 40|TruEarth Sales Volume (Mediocre Product)| $11,808,409. 21| Retail Sales Volume (Average Product)| $22,260,713. 22| TruEarth Sales Volume (Average Product)| $14,469,463. 59| Based on these wholesales volumes, the average product perception meets our return requirements. We would gain $2,469,463. 59 in extra cash if we were to launch this product. However, the mediocre product does not meet our return requirements (off by $191,590. 79). We are only off of our return requirements by a small margin (1. 596%); thus, we may conside r taking on this initial loss for the first year. Considering the growth rate of Cucina Fresca’s retail sales between the 3rd quarter of 2006 and 2007 (194. 4%), we may predict that the initial sales volume will grow between the first and second year of the product launch. Our future sales volume will most likely cover our initial return requirements in the 2nd year and our losses from the 1st year. ——————————————– [ 2 ]. Definitely would buy x % of â€Å"Definites† who actually buy: 80% x 18% [ 3 ]. Probably would buy x % of â€Å"Probables† who actually buy: 30% x 43% [ 4 ]. â€Å"Definite† Purchases + â€Å"Probable† Purchases: 14. 4% + 12. 9% [ 5 ]. Target Households x 11%: 58,500,000 x 11% [ 6 ]. Target Households x 89%: 58,500,000 x 11% [ 7 ]. Trial Rate x Customer Awareness x ACV: 27. 3% x 50% x 40% [ 8 ]. Trial Rate x Non-Customer Awaren ess x ACV: 27. 3% x 12% x 40% [ 9 ].Target Households x Cucina Fresca Pasta Customers Adjusted Trial Rate: 58,500,000 x 5. 46% [ 10 ]. Target Households x Non- Cucina Fresca Pasta Customers Adjusted Trial Rate: 58,500,000 x 1. 31% [ 11 ]. Cucina Fresca Pasta Customers Trial Purchases + Non- Cucina Fresca Pasta Purchases: 351,351 + 682,051. 5 [ 12 ]. Rounded down because cannot include 0. 5 of a household [ 13 ]. Total Trial Purchases x Repeat Purchase Occasions x Excellent Product Repeat Rate: 1,033,402 x 2. 00 x 49% [ 14 ]. Rounded down because cannot include 0. 96 of a product [ 15 ]. Trial Purchases + Repeat Purchases: 1,033,402 + 1,012,733 [ 16 ]. Total Purchases x Average Spent per Purchase: 2,046,135 x $12. 38 [ 17 ].Retail Sales Volume x (1-Food Retailers 35% Gross Margin): $72,835,811. 1 x (1-0. 35) [ 18 ]. TruEarth Sales Volume – Minimum Return Requirement: $16,465,248. 35- $12,000,000 [ 19 ]. Total Trial Purchases x Repeat Purchase Occasion x Mediocre Repeat Product Rate: 1,033,402 x 2. 0 x 21% [ 20 ]. Total Trial Purchases x Repeat Purchase Occasion x Average Repeat Product Rate: 1,033,402 x 2. 0 x 37% [ 21 ]. Total Trial Purchases + Mediocre Product Total Purchases: 1,033,402 + 434,028. 84 [ 22 ]. Rounded down because cannot have 0. 84 of a purchase [ 23 ]. Total Trial Purchases + Average Product Total Purchases: 1,033,402 + 764,717. 48 [ 24 ]. Rounded down because cannot have 0. 48 of a purchase [ 25 ].Total Purchases for Mediocre Product x Average Spent per Purchase: 1,467,430 x $12. 38 [ 26 ]. Retail Sales Volume for Mediocre Product x (1-Food Retailers 35% Gross Margin): $18,166,783. 40 x (1-0. 35) [ 27 ]. Total Purchases for Average Product x Average Spent per Purchase: 1,798,119 x $12. 38 [ 28 ]. Retail Sales Volume for Mediocre Product x (1-Food Retailers 35% Gross Margin): $22,260,713. 22 x (1-0. 35) [ 29 ]. (TruEarth Sales Volume (Mediocre Product) – Return Requirement)/Return Requirement: ($11,808,409. 21-$12,000,000)/$12,00 0,000 [ 30 ]. [{ (2007 Retail Sales-2006 Retail Sales)/(2006 Retail Sales)} + 1] x 100%: [{($35,000,000-$18,000,000)/($18,000,000)} +1] x 100%

United Arab Emirates

United Arab Emirates Development Levels of United Arab Emirates United Arab Emirates (UAE) is among the most developed countries in the world with a very high Gross Domestic Product (GDP) in the Middle East. The country has very high human development index. Moreover, the country has been ranked among the highest growing economies in the world.Advertising We will write a custom report sample on United Arab Emirates specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Furthermore, the country has high per capita income than most developed countries (Zaman 4). The country has also high consumption levels both private and public. Moreover, the country enjoys a positive current account balances because of the high incomes from the oil sector. Contribution of Natural Factors and Human Capital The country has vast deposits of petroleum products that have been critical in the development of the country. Oil products usually fetch high income to a country and they have ready market throughout the world. Moreover, the country is situated in a strategic position that makes it a tourist attraction center. It is important to note that the country has invested a lot of money on the education sector. Graduates, high school dropouts as well as the adults are included in the program that is aimed at increasing the productivity of people (Rostin 6). This has been highly beneficial for the country. In addition, the government has heavily invested in research and development leading to increased development. On the same note, the government has implemented policies that has made establishment of companies very easy thus encouraging both local and foreign investors Effects of Environmental Externalities and Income Inequality UAE has invested heavily in the oil industry and many people work in this sector. This industry has led to the establishment of other industries that majorly come up to offer services to people who work in the oil industry. Moreover, the presence of o il in the UAE has been quite critical in the development of the manufacturing and service sectors that are very vibrant currently. These industries have been vital in enhancing the development of the United Arab Emirates. However, there is also the problem of pollution that results from the many industries that have been established (Bazoobandi 78). On the other hand, there is a lot of inequality in the UAE which hinder even development in the country. Some emirates have very low incomes and as a result, they are lowly developed compared to others. Furthermore, other people earn very high incomes and enjoy high living standards while others earn lowly leading to high disparities. Contribution of other Development Factors The country has very good transport system both road and air transport. Most of the places are connected through roads as well as by air. The country’s airline, Emirates airline, is among the largest airlines in the world. The country is also in the coastline and has one of the best ports in the world. Telecommunication sector is also advanced with many people having access to phone and the internet (Zaman 6). However, there are other emirates that have poor road networks due to underdevelopment compared to others.Advertising Looking for report on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The country adheres to the Islam rules and culture. Most people in the country observe the Islam code of dressing. Nevertheless, the country is tolerant to other religions given the fact that it has many foreigners working there. This has been a positive factor that attracts foreign expatriates to the country (Bazoobandi 83). Tolerance in religion and culture has also been advantageous in the development of the tourism industry. Nonetheless, the government still requires local majority ownership in every firm established in the country. This protectionist tendency has discour aged some potential investors who would not want to dilute ownership of their firm. Income inequalities have also contributed to imbalanced development both among people and among emirates. Development Assistance Given and Government Policy UAE issues a lot of money in form of foreign aid to developing countries and in case of disasters as well as during emergence cases. In year 2010, the country gave $792.2 million that comprised 2.7% of its GDP as foreign aid (Bazoobandi 79). On the same note, the country receives a lot of money in form of foreign direct investment with the oil industry being the largest beneficiary. Arguably, the government’s policy is aimed at increasing exports, a reason as to why investment is directed to manufacturing and the service sector (Aldosari 120). There have been efforts to advance the micro-credit finance to serve people but still many people cannot access the services. Moreover, small and inefficient institutions offer the services. Possible Solution to Achieve High Development Respect of human rights is crucial in attraction of investors. Consequently, the government will have to protect human rights in order to attract foreign investors. Moreover, the government should try to reduce the income disparities that have prevailed in the country to increase economic development. Furthermore, the country needs to enhance its efforts in diversifying its economy to avoid shocks in case of crises in the oil industry. More importantly, the government will have to revisit its stand on the local ownership of any firm established locally to attract more foreign investors. Aldosari, Ali. Middle East, Western Asia and Northern Africa. Singapore: Marshall Cavendish, 2007. Print.Advertising We will write a custom report sample on United Arab Emirates specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Bazoobandi, Sara. The Political Economy of the Gulf Sovereign Wealth Funds: A Case Study of Iran, Kuwai t, Saudi Arabia and the United Arab Emirates. New York: Routledge, 2013. Print. Rostin, Andreas. Structural Changes in the United Arab Emirates. Munchen: GRIN Verlag, 2007. Print. Zaman, Nadeem UZ. UAE and Globalization-Attracting Foreign Investments. Munchen: GRIN Verlag, 2011. Print.

Leprechauns Dont Play Basketball essays

Leprechauns Dont Play Basketball essays Debbie Dadey The book Leprechauns Don't Play Basketball, is very good. It is about four kids that are trying to find out if their teacher is really a vampier and if their P.E. sub is really a leprechaun. Howies grandma is from Ireland, so he thought she would know a little about leprechauns. They find out that leprechauns can only be away for three days. Also, that the leprechauns stole a brooch from the vampier and then the vampier got it back, so now the leprechauns are trying to get the green brooch. Their teacher Mrs. Jeepers is the vampier who stole the green brooch and is wearing it around her neck, and Mr. O'Grady the P.E. sub is trying to get it. Finally, at the end he doesn't get it and leaves and he says that the school is not big enough for a leprechaun and a vampier. My reaction to this book was, I really thought it was good. I loved this book because it was easy to read and understand. I would recommend this book to people who like short books. My favorite part was when Howie and them were talking to his grandma. The author did not use any writting styles. My favorite character was Eddie. I liked the way he played all of his practical jokes. I think I would of reacted to the conflict the same, because I would of helped my homeroom teacher before my P.E. teacher. ...

Eiffel Tower Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 1

Eiffel Tower - Essay Example This building has an amazing history of origin: in 1889 in Paris in order to commemorate the centenary of the French Revolution the World Exhibition was held, so the city government instructed to erect a temporary structure, which had to serve as an entrance arch. The Common French Competition of architectural and engineering projects was launched on May the 1st, 1886. The competition attracted 107 applicants, and most of them just repeated the tower project proposed by Eiffel. Thus Eiffel project became one of the four winners, and after that the engineer made final changes to the project and found a compromise between the original purely engineering scheme design and decorative option. As a result, committee insisted on the Eiffel Tower plan, although the idea was not his, but his two employees. Such a complex structure was collected within two years, and it became possible because Eiffel applied to special construction methods. In order to match the tower to the sophisticated tastes of the Parisian public, architect Stephen Sauvestre was instructed to contribute the design and to work on tower’s artistic appearance. He proposed to add decorative arches to the base, to make a glass pavilion on the first level, to give a rounded shape to the top of the tower and use a variety of elements for its decoration. 300 workers performed construction works during two years, two months and five days. High speed of construction was provided by precision drawings and exact dimensions. And on March the 31st, 1889, in less than 26 months after the start of digging pits, Eiffel invited several more or less physically hardy officials to make the first rise on 1710 level. Construction was stunning and got immediate success. During first six months more than 2 million visitors came to see the "iron lady†. Despite its common success, from the very beginning of the construction there were also enough opponents to the building of the

UNREACHED PEOPLE GROUP PROJECT Research Proposal

UNREACHED PEOPLE GROUP PROJECT - Research Proposal Example These people have stack to their indigenous beliefs as there is no alternative to the formative religion. One of the emerging challenges in reaching out to these groupings is the lack of adequate knowledge on who they are and where they live. A host of organizations have identified this challenge and have made it their responsibility to search and identify these people in order to establish plans on how they can be reached. It is in carrying out these roles that organizations such as Joshua project inspire action. This proposal models its approach around the work of this project which has undertaken to identify people and regions where Christianity remains a mystery. In particular, this study focuses on Chinese who remain steadfast in their indigenous faith. The overall idea is to identify and develop a comprehensive plan that will accord the Chinese a chance to receive and benefit from the variable teachings of the Gospel. The study will fall within the wider theme of making disciples of all nations which was the clarion call to Jesus disciples while on his mission on